HIST470: World Environmental History

What is a primary source?

Primary sources of materials are integral in the study of history. A primary source is a document which was written or created during the time period being researched. These sources were present during an experience or time period and offer an inside view of a particular event. Some types of primary sources include: diaries, speeches, manuscripts, letters, interviews, news film footage, autobiographies, official records, poetry, drama, novels, music, art, pottery, furniture, clothing, and buildings.

What is a secondary source?

A secondary source interprets and analyzes primary sources. These sources are one or more steps removed from the event. Secondary sources may have pictures, quotes or graphics of primary sources in them. Some types of secondary sources publications include: textbooks, magazine articles, histories, criticisms, commentaries, and encyclopedia.

While primary sources are often desirable for the raw, non-interpreted information they provide, it is important to analyze them for your research. Ask yourself these questions:

• Who is the creator and what was their relationship to the event or issue?
• Why did the creator produce this source?
• Was the source for personal use?  For a large audience?
• Was the source intended to be public (newspaper) or private (correspondence)?
• Everyone has biases. What biases or interests might have influenced how the source was created?
• Can the source be substantiated by other primary sources? Can you confirm what the creator is saying?
• Who's voice is missing?

Primary, Secondary, & Tertiary Sources